Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) D. Waltermire
Request for Comments: 7632 NIST
Category: Informational D. Harrington
ISSN: 2070-1721 Effective Software
September 2015
Endpoint Security Posture Assessment: Enterprise Use Cases
Abstract
This memo documents a sampling of use cases for securely aggregating
configuration and operational data and evaluating that data to
determine an organization's security posture. From these operational
use cases, we can derive common functional capabilities and
requirements to guide development of vendor-neutral, interoperable
standards for aggregating and evaluating data relevant to security
posture.
Status of This Memo
This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is
published for informational purposes.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Not all documents
approved by the IESG are a candidate for any level of Internet
Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 5741.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7632.
Waltermire & Harrington Informational [Page 1]
RFC 7632 Enterprise Use Cases for Sec Assessment September 2015 Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2015 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Endpoint Posture Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.1. Use Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.1.1. Define, Publish, Query, and Retrieve Security Automation Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.1.2. Endpoint Identification and Assessment Planning . . . 9 2.1.3. Endpoint Posture Attribute Value Collection . . . . . 11 2.1.4. Posture Attribute Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.2. Usage Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.2.1. Definition and Publication of Automatable Configuration Checklists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.2.2. Automated Checklist Verification . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.2.3. Detection of Posture Deviations . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.2.4. Endpoint Information Analysis and Reporting . . . . . 18 2.2.5. Asynchronous Compliance/Vulnerability Assessment at Ice Station Zebra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.2.6. Identification and Retrieval of Guidance . . . . . . 20 2.2.7. Guidance Change Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 3. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 4. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Waltermire & Harrington Informational [Page 2]
RFC 7632 Enterprise Use Cases for Sec Assessment September 2015 1. Introduction This document describes the core set of use cases for endpoint posture assessment for enterprises. It provides a discussion of these use cases and associated building-block capabilities. The described use cases support: o securely collecting and aggregating configuration and operational data, and o evaluating that data to determine the security posture of individual endpoints. Additionally, this document describes a set of usage scenarios that provide examples for using the use cases and associated building blocks to address a variety of operational functions. These operational use cases and related usage scenarios cross many IT security domains. The use cases enable the derivation of common: o concepts that are expressed as building blocks in this document, o characteristics to inform development of a requirements document, o information concepts to inform development of an information model document, and o functional capabilities to inform development of an architecture document. Together, these ideas will be used to guide development of vendor- neutral, interoperable standards for collecting, aggregating, and evaluating data relevant to security posture. Using this standard data, tools can analyze the state of endpoints as well as user activities and behaviour, and evaluate the security posture of an organization. Common expression of information should enable interoperability between tools (whether customized, commercial, or freely available), and the ability to automate portions of security processes to gain efficiency, react to new threats in a timely manner, and free up security personnel to work on more advanced problems. The goal is to enable organizations to make informed decisions that support organizational objectives, to enforce policies for hardening systems, to prevent network misuse, to quantify business risk, and to collaborate with partners to identify and mitigate threats. Waltermire & Harrington Informational [Page 3]
RFC 7632 Enterprise Use Cases for Sec Assessment September 2015 It is expected that use cases for enterprises and for service providers will largely overlap. When considering this overlap, there are additional complications for service providers, especially in handling information that crosses administrative domains. The output of endpoint posture assessment is expected to feed into additional processes, such as policy-based enforcement of acceptable state, verification and monitoring of security controls, and compliance to regulatory requirements. 2. Endpoint Posture Assessment Endpoint posture assessment involves orchestrating and performing data collection and evaluating the posture of a given endpoint. Typically, endpoint posture information is gathered and then published to appropriate data repositories to make collected information available for further analysis supporting organizational security processes. Endpoint posture assessment typically includes: o collecting the attributes of a given endpoint; o making the attributes available for evaluation and action; and o verifying that the endpoint's posture is in compliance with enterprise standards and policy. As part of these activities, it is often necessary to identify and acquire any supporting security automation data that is needed to drive and feed data collection and evaluation processes. The following is a typical workflow scenario for assessing endpoint posture: 1. Some type of trigger initiates the workflow. For example, an operator or an application might trigger the process with a request, or the endpoint might trigger the process using an event-driven notification. 2. An operator/application selects one or more target endpoints to be assessed. 3. An operator/application selects which policies are applicable to the targets. Waltermire & Harrington Informational [Page 4]
RFC 7632 Enterprise Use Cases for Sec Assessment September 2015 4. For each target: A. The application determines which (sets of) posture attributes need to be collected for evaluation. Implementations should be able to support (possibly mixed) sets of standardized and proprietary attributes. B. The application might retrieve previously collected information from a cache or data store, such as a data store populated by an asset management system. C. The application might establish communication with the target, mutually authenticate identities and authorizations, and collect posture attributes from the target. D. The application might establish communication with one or more intermediaries or agents, which may be local or external. When establishing connections with an intermediary or agent, the application can mutually authenticate their identities and determine authorizations, and collect posture attributes about the target from the intermediaries or agents. E. The application communicates target identity and (sets of) collected attributes to an evaluator, which is possibly an external process or external system. F. The evaluator compares the collected posture attributes with expected values as expressed in policies. G. The evaluator reports the evaluation result for the requested assessment, in a standardized or proprietary format, such as a report, a log entry, a database entry, or a notification. 2.1. Use Cases The following subsections detail specific use cases for assessment planning, data collection, analysis, and related operations pertaining to the publication and use of supporting data. Each use case is defined by a short summary containing a simple problem statement, followed by a discussion of related concepts, and a listing of associated building blocks that represent the capabilities needed to support the use case. These use cases and building blocks identify separate units of functionality that may be supported by different components of an architectural model. Waltermire & Harrington Informational [Page 5]
RFC 7632 Enterprise Use Cases for Sec Assessment September 2015 2.1.1. Define, Publish, Query, and Retrieve Security Automation Data This use case describes the need for security automation data to be defined and published to one or more data stores, as well as queried and retrieved from these data stores for the explicit use of posture collection and evaluation. Security automation data is a general concept that refers to any data expression that may be generated and/or used as part of the process of collecting and evaluating endpoint posture. Different types of security automation data will generally fall into one of three categories: Guidance: Instructions and related metadata that guide the attribute collection and evaluation processes. The purpose of this data is to allow implementations to be data-driven, thus enabling their behavior to be customized without requiring changes to deployed software. This type of data tends to change in units of months and days. In cases where assessments are made more dynamic, it may be necessary to handle changes in the scope of hours or minutes. This data will typically be provided by large organizations, product vendors, and some third parties. Thus, it will tend to be shared across large enterprises and customer communities. In some cases, access may be controlled to specific authenticated users. In other cases, the data may be provided broadly with little to no access control. This includes: * Listings of attribute identifiers for which values may be collected and evaluated. * Lists of attributes that are to be collected along with metadata that includes: when to collect a set of attributes based on a defined interval or event, the duration of collection, and how to go about collecting a set of attributes. * Guidance that specifies how old collected data can be when used for evaluation. * Policies that define how to target and perform the evaluation of a set of attributes for different kinds or groups of endpoints and the assets they are composed of. In some cases, it may be desirable to maintain hierarchies of policies as well. Waltermire & Harrington Informational [Page 6]
RFC 7632 Enterprise Use Cases for Sec Assessment September 2015 * References to human-oriented data that provide technical, organizational, and/or policy context. This might include references to: best practices documents, legal guidance and legislation, and instructional materials related to the automation data in question. Attribute Data: Data collected through automated and manual mechanisms describing organizational and posture details pertaining to specific endpoints and the assets that they are composed of (e.g., hardware, software, accounts). The purpose of this type of data is to characterize an endpoint (e.g., endpoint type, organizationally expected function/role) and to provide actual and expected state data pertaining to one or more endpoints. This data is used to determine what posture attributes to collect from which endpoints and to feed one or more evaluations. This type of data tends to change in units of days, minutes, and seconds, with posture attribute values typically changing more frequently than endpoint characterizations. This data tends to be organizationally and endpoint specific, with specific operational groups of endpoints tending to exhibit similar attribute profiles. Generally, this data will not be shared outside an organizational boundary and will require authentication with specific access controls. This includes: * Endpoint characterization data that describes the endpoint type, organizationally expected function/role, etc. * Collected endpoint posture attribute values and related context including: time of collection, tools used for collection, etc. * Organizationally defined expected posture attribute values targeted to specific evaluation guidance and endpoint characteristics. This allows a common set of guidance to be parameterized for use with different groups of endpoints. Processing Artifacts: Data that is generated by, and is specific to, an individual assessment process. This data may be used as part of the interactions between architectural components to drive and coordinate collection and evaluation activities. Its lifespan will be bounded by the lifespan of the assessment. It may also be exchanged and stored to provide historic context Waltermire & Harrington Informational [Page 7]
RFC 7632 Enterprise Use Cases for Sec Assessment September 2015 around an assessment activity so that individual assessments can be grouped, evaluated, and reported in an enterprise context. This includes: * The identified set of endpoints for which an assessment should be performed. * The identified set of posture attributes that need to be collected from specific endpoints to perform an evaluation. * The resulting data generated by an evaluation process including the context of what was assessed, what it was assessed against, what collected data was used, when it was collected, and when the evaluation was performed. The information model for security automation data must support a variety of different data types as described above, along with the associated metadata that is needed to support publication, query, and retrieval operations. It is expected that multiple data models will be used to express specific data types requiring specialized or extensible security automation data repositories. The different temporal characteristics, access patterns, and access control dimensions of each data type may also require different protocols and data models to be supported furthering the potential requirement for specialized data repositories. See [RFC3444] for a description and discussion of distinctions between an information and data model. It is likely that additional kinds of data will be identified through the process of defining requirements and an architectural model. Implementations supporting this building block will need to be extensible to accommodate the addition of new types of data, whether proprietary or (preferably) using a standard format. The building blocks of this use case are: Data Definition: Security automation data will guide and inform collection and evaluation processes. This data may be designed by a variety of roles -- application implementers may build security automation data into their applications; administrators may define guidance based on organizational policies; operators may define guidance and attribute data as needed for evaluation at runtime; and so on. Data producers may choose to reuse data from existing stores of security automation data and/or may create new data. Data producers may develop data based on available standardized or proprietary data models, such as those used for network management and/or host management. Waltermire & Harrington Informational [Page 8]
RFC 7632 Enterprise Use Cases for Sec Assessment September 2015 Data Publication: The capability to enable data producers to publish data to a security automation data store for further use. Published data may be made publicly available or access may be based on an authorization decision using authenticated credentials. As a result, the visibility of specific security automation data to an operator or application may be public, enterprise-scoped, private, or controlled within any other scope. Data Query: An operator or application should be able to query a security automation data store using a set of specified criteria. The result of the query will be a listing matching the query. The query result listing may contain publication metadata (e.g., create date, modified date, publisher, etc.) and/or the full data, a summary, snippet, or the location to retrieve the data. Data Retrieval: A user, operator, or application acquires one or more specific security automation data entries. The location of the data may be known a priori, or may be determined based on decisions made using information from a previous query. Data Change Detection: An operator or application needs to know when security automation data they are interested in has been published to, updated in, or deleted from a security automation data store that they have been authorized to access. These building blocks are used to enable acquisition of various instances of security automation data based on specific data models that are used to drive assessment planning (see Section 2.1.2), posture attribute value collection (see Section 2.1.3), and posture evaluation (see Section 2.1.4). 2.1.2. Endpoint Identification and Assessment Planning This use case describes the process of discovering endpoints, understanding their composition, identifying the desired state to assess against, and calculating what posture attributes to collect to enable evaluation. This process may be a set of manual, automated, or hybrid steps that are performed for each assessment. Waltermire & Harrington Informational [Page 9]
RFC 7632 Enterprise Use Cases for Sec Assessment September 2015 The building blocks of this use case are: Endpoint Discovery: To determine the current or historic presence of endpoints in the environment that are available for posture assessment. Endpoints are identified in support of discovery by using information previously obtained or using other collection mechanisms to gather identification and characterization data. Previously obtained data may originate from sources such as network authentication exchanges. Endpoint Characterization: The act of acquiring, through automated collection or manual input, and organizing attributes associated with an endpoint (e.g., type, organizationally expected function/role, hardware/software versions). Endpoint Target Identification: Determine the candidate endpoint target(s) against which to perform the assessment. Depending on the assessment trigger, a single endpoint or multiple endpoints may be targeted based on characterized endpoint attributes. Guidance describing the assessment to be performed may contain instructions or references used to determine the applicable assessment targets. In this case, the Data Query and/or Data Retrieval building blocks (see Section 2.1.1) may be used to acquire this data. Endpoint Component Inventory: To determine what applicable desired states should be assessed, it is first necessary to acquire the inventory of software, hardware, and accounts associated with the targeted endpoint(s). If the assessment of the endpoint is not dependent on the these details, then this capability is not required for use in performing the assessment. This process can be treated as a collection use case for specific posture attributes. In this case, the building blocks for Endpoint Posture Attribute Value Collection (see Section 2.1.3) can be used. Posture Attribute Identification: Once the endpoint targets and their associated asset inventory is known, it is then necessary to calculate what posture attributes are required to be collected to perform the desired evaluation. When available, existing posture data is queried for suitability using the Data Query building block (see Section 2.1.1). Such posture data is suitable if it is complete and current enough for use in the evaluation. Any unsuitable posture data is identified for collection. Waltermire & Harrington Informational [Page 10]
RFC 7632 Enterprise Use Cases for Sec Assessment September 2015 If this is driven by guidance, then the Data Query and/or Data Retrieval building blocks (see Section 2.1.1) may be used to acquire this data. At this point, the set of posture attribute values to use for evaluation are known, and they can be collected if necessary (see Section 2.1.3). 2.1.3. Endpoint Posture Attribute Value Collection This use case describes the process of collecting a set of posture attribute values related to one or more endpoints. This use case can be initiated by a variety of triggers including: 1. a posture change or significant event on the endpoint. 2. a network event (e.g., endpoint connects to a network/VPN, specific netflow [RFC3954] is detected). 3. a scheduled or ad hoc collection task. The building blocks of this use case are: Collection Guidance Acquisition: If guidance is required to drive the collection of posture attributes values, this capability is used to acquire this data from one or more security automation data stores. Depending on the trigger, the specific guidance to acquire might be known. If not, it may be necessary to determine the guidance to use based on the component inventory or other assessment criteria. The Data Query and/or Data Retrieval building blocks (see Section 2.1.1) may be used to acquire this guidance. Posture Attribute Value Collection: The accumulation of posture attribute values. This may be based on collection guidance that is associated with the posture attributes. Once the posture attribute values are collected, they may be persisted for later use or they may be immediately used for posture evaluation. 2.1.4. Posture Attribute Evaluation This use case represents the action of analyzing collected posture attribute values as part of an assessment. The primary focus of this use case is to support evaluation of actual endpoint state against the expected state selected for the assessment. Waltermire & Harrington Informational [Page 11]
RFC 7632 Enterprise Use Cases for Sec Assessment September 2015 This use case can be initiated by a variety of triggers including: 1. a posture change or significant event on the endpoint. 2. a network event (e.g., endpoint connects to a network/VPN, specific netflow [RFC3954] is detected). 3. a scheduled or ad hoc evaluation task. The building blocks of this use case are: Collected Posture Change Detection: An operator or application has a mechanism to detect the availability of new posture attribute values or changes to existing ones. The timeliness of detection may vary from immediate to on-demand. Having the ability to filter what changes are detected will allow the operator to focus on the changes that are relevant to their use and will enable evaluation to occur dynamically based on detected changes. Posture Attribute Value Query: If previously collected posture attribute values are needed, the appropriate data stores are queried to retrieve them using the Data Query building block (see Section 2.1.1). If all posture attribute values are provided directly for evaluation, then this capability may not be needed. Evaluation Guidance Acquisition: If guidance is required to drive the evaluation of posture attributes values, this capability is used to acquire this data from one or more security automation data stores. Depending on the trigger, the specific guidance to acquire might be known. If not, it may be necessary to determine the guidance to use based on the component inventory or other assessment criteria. The Data Query and/or Data Retrieval building blocks (see Section 2.1.1) may be used to acquire this guidance. Posture Attribute Evaluation: The comparison of posture attribute values against their expected values as expressed in the specified guidance. The result of this comparison is output as a set of posture evaluation results. Such results include metadata required to provide a level of assurance with respect to the posture attribute data and, therefore, evaluation results. Examples of such metadata include provenance and or availability data. Waltermire & Harrington Informational [Page 12]
RFC 7632 Enterprise Use Cases for Sec Assessment September 2015 While the primary focus of this use case is around enabling the comparison of expected vs. actual state, the same building blocks can support other analysis techniques that are applied to collected posture attribute data (e.g., trending, historic analysis). Completion of this process represents a complete assessment cycle as defined in Section 2. 2.2. Usage Scenarios In this section, we describe a number of usage scenarios that utilize aspects of endpoint posture assessment. These are examples of common problems that can be solved with the building blocks defined above. 2.2.1. Definition and Publication of Automatable Configuration Checklists A vendor manufactures a number of specialized endpoint devices. They also develop and maintain an operating system for these devices that enables end-user organizations to configure a number of security and operational settings. As part of their customer support activities, they publish a number of secure configuration guides that provide minimum security guidelines for configuring their devices. Each guide they produce applies to a specific model of device and version of the operating system and provides a number of specialized configurations depending on the device's intended function and what add-on hardware modules and software licenses are installed on the device. To enable their customers to evaluate the security posture of their devices to ensure that all appropriate minimal security settings are enabled, they publish automatable configuration checklists using a popular data format that defines what settings to collect using a network management protocol and appropriate values for each setting. They publish these checklists to a public security automation data store that customers can query to retrieve applicable checklist(s) for their deployed specialized endpoint devices. Automatable configuration checklists could also come from sources other than a device vendor, such as industry groups or regulatory authorities, or enterprises could develop their own checklists. This usage scenario employs the following building blocks defined in Section 2.1.1 above: Data Definition: To allow guidance to be defined using standardized or proprietary data models that will drive collection and evaluation. Waltermire & Harrington Informational [Page 13]
RFC 7632 Enterprise Use Cases for Sec Assessment September 2015 Data Publication: Providing a mechanism to publish created guidance to a security automation data store. Data Query: To locate and select existing guidance that may be reused. Data Retrieval To retrieve specific guidance from a security automation data store for editing. While each building block can be used in a manual fashion by a human operator, it is also likely that these capabilities will be implemented together in some form of a guidance editor or generator application. 2.2.2. Automated Checklist Verification A financial services company operates a heterogeneous IT environment. In support of their risk management program, they utilize vendor- provided automatable security configuration checklists for each operating system and application used within their IT environment. Multiple checklists are used from different vendors to ensure adequate coverage of all IT assets. To identify what checklists are needed, they use automation to gather an inventory of the software versions utilized by all IT assets in the enterprise. This data gathering will involve querying existing data stores of previously collected endpoint software inventory posture data and actively collecting data from reachable endpoints as needed, utilizing network and systems management protocols. Previously collected data may be provided by periodic data collection, network connection-driven data collection, or ongoing event-driven monitoring of endpoint posture changes. Appropriate checklists are queried, located, and downloaded from the relevant guidance data stores. The specific data stores queried and the specifics of each query may be driven by data including: o collected hardware and software inventory data, and o associated asset characterization data that may indicate the organizationally defined functions of each endpoint. Checklists may be sourced from guidance data stores maintained by an application or OS vendor, an industry group, a regulatory authority, or directly by the enterprise. The retrieved guidance is cached locally to reduce the need to retrieve the data multiple times. Waltermire & Harrington Informational [Page 14]
RFC 7632 Enterprise Use Cases for Sec Assessment September 2015 Driven by the setting data provided in the checklist, a combination of existing configuration data stores and data collection methods are used to gather the appropriate posture attributes from (or pertaining to) each endpoint. Specific posture attribute values are gathered based on the defined enterprise function and software inventory of each endpoint. The collection mechanisms used to collect software inventory posture will be used again for this purpose. Once the data is gathered, the actual state is evaluated against the expected state criteria defined in each applicable checklist. A checklist can be assessed as a whole, or a specific subset of the checklist can be assessed resulting in partial data collection and evaluation. The results of checklist evaluation are provided to appropriate operators and applications to drive additional business logic. Specific applications for checklist evaluation results are out of scope for current SACM (Security Automation and Continuous Monitoring) efforts. Irrespective of specific applications, the availability, timeliness, and liveness of results are often of general concern. Network latency and available bandwidth often create operational constraints that require trade-offs between these concerns and need to be considered. Uses of checklists and associated evaluation results may include, but are not limited to: o Detecting endpoint posture deviations as part of a change management program to identify: * missing required patches, * unauthorized changes to hardware and software inventory, and * unauthorized changes to configuration items. o Determining compliance with organizational policies governing endpoint posture. o Informing configuration management, patch management, and vulnerability mitigation and remediation decisions. o Searching for current and historic indicators of compromise. o Detecting current and historic infection by malware and determining the scope of infection within an enterprise. Waltermire & Harrington Informational [Page 15]
RFC 7632 Enterprise Use Cases for Sec Assessment September 2015 o Detecting performance, attack, and vulnerable conditions that warrant additional network diagnostics, monitoring, and analysis. o Informing network access control decision-making for wired, wireless, or VPN connections. This usage scenario employs the following building blocks defined in Section 2.1.1 above: Endpoint Discovery: The purpose of discovery is to determine the type of endpoint to be posture assessed. Endpoint Target Identification: To identify what potential endpoint targets the checklist should apply to based on organizational policies. Endpoint Component Inventory: Collecting and consuming the software and hardware inventory for the target endpoints. Posture Attribute Identification: To determine what data needs to be collected to support evaluation, the checklist is evaluated against the component inventory and other endpoint metadata to determine the set of posture attribute values that are needed. Collection Guidance Acquisition: Based on the identified posture attributes, the application will query appropriate security automation data stores to find the "applicable" collection guidance for each endpoint in question. Posture Attribute Value Collection: For each endpoint, the values for the required posture attributes are collected. Posture Attribute Value Query: If previously collected posture attribute values are used, they are queried from the appropriate data stores for the target endpoint(s). Evaluation Guidance Acquisition: Any guidance that is needed to support evaluation is queried and retrieved. Posture Attribute Evaluation: The resulting posture attribute values from previous collection processes are evaluated using the evaluation guidance to provide a set of posture results. Waltermire & Harrington Informational [Page 16]
RFC 7632 Enterprise Use Cases for Sec Assessment September 2015 2.2.3. Detection of Posture Deviations Example Corporation has established secure configuration baselines for each different type of endpoint within their enterprise including: network infrastructure, mobile, client, and server computing platforms. These baselines define an approved list of hardware, software (i.e., operating system, applications, and patches), and associated required configurations. When an endpoint connects to the network, the appropriate baseline configuration is communicated to the endpoint based on its location in the network, the expected function of the device, and other asset management data. It is checked for compliance with the baseline, and any deviations are indicated to the device's operators. Once the baseline has been established, the endpoint is monitored for any change events pertaining to the baseline on an ongoing basis. When a change occurs to posture defined in the baseline, updated posture information is exchanged, allowing operators to be notified and/or automated action to be taken. Like the Automated Checklist Verification usage scenario (see Section 2.2.2), this usage scenario supports assessment based on automatable checklists. It differs from that scenario by monitoring for specific endpoint posture changes on an ongoing basis. When the endpoint detects a posture change, an alert is generated identifying the specific changes in posture, thus allowing assessment of the delta to be performed instead of a full assessment as in the previous case. This usage scenario employs the same building blocks as Automated Checklist Verification (see section 2.2.2). It differs slightly in how it uses the following building blocks: Endpoint Component Inventory: Additionally, changes to the hardware and software inventory are monitored, with changes causing alerts to be issued. Posture Attribute Value Collection: After the initial assessment, posture attributes are monitored for changes. If any of the selected posture attribute values change, an alert is issued. Posture Attribute Value Query: The previous state of posture attributes are tracked, allowing changes to be detected. Posture Attribute Evaluation: After the initial assessment, a partial evaluation is performed based on changes to specific posture attributes. This usage scenario highlights the need to query a data store to prepare a compliance report for a specific endpoint and also the need for a change in endpoint state to trigger Collection and Evaluation. Waltermire & Harrington Informational [Page 17]
RFC 7632 Enterprise Use Cases for Sec Assessment September 2015 2.2.4. Endpoint Information Analysis and Reporting Freed from the drudgery of manual endpoint compliance monitoring, one of the security administrators at Example Corporation notices (not using SACM standards) that five endpoints have been uploading lots of data to a suspicious server on the Internet. The administrator queries data stores for specific endpoint posture to see what software is installed on those endpoints and finds that they all have a particular program installed. She then queries the appropriate data stores to see which other endpoints have that program installed. All these endpoints are monitored carefully (not using SACM standards), which allows the administrator to detect that the other endpoints are also infected. This is just one example of the useful analysis that a skilled analyst can do using data stores of endpoint posture. This usage scenario employs the following building blocks defined in Section 2.1.1 above: Posture Attribute Value Query: Previously collected posture attribute values for the target endpoint(s) are queried from the appropriate data stores using a standardized method. This usage scenario highlights the need to query a repository for attributes to see which attributes certain endpoints have in common. 2.2.5. Asynchronous Compliance/Vulnerability Assessment at Ice Station Zebra A university team receives a grant to do research at a government facility in the Arctic. The only network communications will be via an intermittent, low-speed, high-latency, high-cost satellite link. During their extended expedition, they will need to show continued compliance with the security policies of the university, the government, and the provider of the satellite network, as well as keep current on vulnerability testing. Interactive assessments are therefore not reliable, and since the researchers have very limited funding, they need to minimize how much money they spend on network data. Prior to departure, they register all equipment with an asset management system owned by the university, which will also initiate and track assessments. On a periodic basis -- either after a maximum time delta or when the security automation data store has received a threshold level of new vulnerability definitions -- the university uses the information in Waltermire & Harrington Informational [Page 18]
RFC 7632 Enterprise Use Cases for Sec Assessment September 2015 the asset management system to put together a collection request for all of the deployed assets that encompasses the minimal set of artifacts necessary to evaluate all three security policies as well as vulnerability testing. In the case of new critical vulnerabilities, this collection request consists only of the artifacts necessary for those vulnerabilities, and collection is only initiated for those assets that could potentially have a new vulnerability. (Optional) Asset artifacts are cached in a local configuration management database (CMDB). When new vulnerabilities are reported to the security automation data store, a request to the live asset is only done if the artifacts in the CMDB are incomplete and/or not current enough. The collection request is queued for the next window of connectivity. The deployed assets eventually receive the request, fulfill it, and queue the results for the next return opportunity. The collected artifacts eventually make it back to the university where the level of compliance and vulnerability exposed is calculated and asset characteristics are compared to what is in the asset management system for accuracy and completeness. Like the Automated Checklist Verification usage scenario (see section 2.2.2), this usage scenario supports assessment based on checklists. It differs from that scenario in how guidance, collected posture attribute values, and evaluation results are exchanged due to bandwidth limitations and availability. This usage scenario employs the same building blocks as Automated Checklist Verification (see section 2.2.2). It differs slightly in how it uses the following building blocks: Endpoint Component Inventory: It is likely that the component inventory will not change. If it does, this information will need to be batched and transmitted during the next communication window. Collection Guidance Acquisition: Due to intermittent communication windows and bandwidth constraints, changes to collection guidance will need to batched and transmitted during the next communication window. Guidance will need to be cached locally to avoid the need for remote communications. Waltermire & Harrington Informational [Page 19]
RFC 7632 Enterprise Use Cases for Sec Assessment September 2015 Posture Attribute Value Collection: The specific posture attribute values to be collected are identified remotely and batched for collection during the next communication window. If a delay is introduced for collection to complete, results will need to be batched and transmitted. Posture Attribute Value Query: Previously collected posture attribute values will be stored in a remote data store for use at the university. Evaluation Guidance Acquisition: Due to intermittent communication windows and bandwidth constraints, changes to evaluation guidance will need to batched and transmitted during the next communication window. Guidance will need to be cached locally to avoid the need for remote communications. Posture Attribute Evaluation: Due to the caching of posture attribute values and evaluation guidance, evaluation may be performed at both the university campus as well as the satellite site. This usage scenario highlights the need to support low-bandwidth, intermittent, or high-latency links. 2.2.6. Identification and Retrieval of Guidance In preparation for performing an assessment, an operator or application will need to identify one or more security automation data stores that contain the guidance entries necessary to perform data collection and evaluation tasks. The location of a given guidance entry will either be known a priori or known security automation data stores will need to be queried to retrieve applicable guidance. To query guidance it will be necessary to define a set of search criteria. This criteria will often utilize a logical combination of publication metadata (e.g., publishing identity, create time, modification time) and criteria elements specific to the guidance data. Once the criteria are defined, one or more security automation data stores will need to be queried, thus generating a result set. Depending on how the results are used, it may be desirable to return the matching guidance directly, a snippet of the guidance matching the query, or a resolvable location to retrieve the data at a later time. The guidance matching the query will be restricted based on the authorized level of access allowed to the requester. Waltermire & Harrington Informational [Page 20]
RFC 7632 Enterprise Use Cases for Sec Assessment September 2015 If the location of guidance is identified in the query result set, the guidance will be retrieved when needed using one or more data retrieval requests. A variation on this approach would be to maintain a local cache of previously retrieved data. In this case, only guidance that is determined to be stale by some measure will be retrieved from the remote data store. Alternately, guidance can be discovered by iterating over data published with a given context within a security automation data store. Specific guidance can be selected and retrieved as needed. This usage scenario employs the following building blocks defined in Section 2.1.1 above: Data Query: Enables an operator or application to query one or more security automation data stores for guidance using a set of specified criteria. Data Retrieval: If data locations are returned in the query result set, then specific guidance entries can be retrieved and possibly cached locally. 2.2.7. Guidance Change Detection An operator or application may need to identify new, updated, or deleted guidance in a security automation data store for which they have been authorized to access. This may be achieved by querying or iterating over guidance in a security automation data store, or through a notification mechanism that generates alerts when changes are made to a security automation data store. Once guidance changes have been determined, data collection and evaluation activities may be triggered. This usage scenario employs the following building blocks defined in Section 2.1.1 above: Data Change Detection: Allows an operator or application to identify guidance changes in a security automation data store for which they have been authorized to access. Data Retrieval: If data locations are provided by the change detection mechanism, then specific guidance entries can be retrieved and possibly cached locally. Waltermire & Harrington Informational [Page 21]
RFC 7632 Enterprise Use Cases for Sec Assessment September 2015 3. Security Considerations This memo documents, for informational purposes, use cases for security automation. Specific security and privacy considerations will be provided in related documents (e.g., requirements, architecture, information model, data model, protocol) as appropriate to the function described in each related document. One consideration for security automation is that a malicious actor could use the security automation infrastructure and related collected data to gain access to an item of interest. This may include personal data, private keys, software and configuration state that can be used to inform an attack against the network and endpoints, and other sensitive information. It is important that security and privacy considerations in the related documents indicate methods to both identify and prevent such activity. For consideration are means for protecting the communications as well as the systems that store the information. For communications between the varying SACM components, there should be considerations for protecting the confidentiality, data integrity, and peer entity authentication. For exchanged information, there should be a means to authenticate the origin of the information. This is important where tracking the provenance of data is needed. Also, for any systems that store information that could be used for unauthorized or malicious purposes, methods to identify and protect against unauthorized usage, inappropriate usage, and denial of service need to be considered. 4. Informative References [RFC3444] Pras, A. and J. Schoenwaelder, "On the Difference between Information Models and Data Models", RFC 3444, DOI 10.17487/RFC3444, January 2003, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3444>. [RFC3954] Claise, B., Ed., "Cisco Systems NetFlow Services Export Version 9", RFC 3954, DOI 10.17487/RFC3954, October 2004, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3954>. Waltermire & Harrington Informational [Page 22]
RFC 7632 Enterprise Use Cases for Sec Assessment September 2015
Acknowledgements
Adam Montville edited early versions of this document.
Kathleen Moriarty and Stephen Hanna contributed text describing the
scope of the document.
Gunnar Engelbach, Steve Hanna, Chris Inacio, Kent Landfield, Lisa
Lorenzin, Adam Montville, Kathleen Moriarty, Nancy Cam-Winget, and
Aron Woland provided text about the use cases for various revisions
of this document.
Authors' Addresses
David Waltermire
National Institute of Standards and Technology
100 Bureau Drive
Gaithersburg, Maryland 20877
United States
Email: david.waltermire@nist.gov
David Harrington
Effective Software
16 Bayview Drive
Westerly, Rhode Island 02891
United States
Email: ietfdbh@gmail.com
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