NWG/RFC# 691 BH 6-JUN-75 23:15 32700
One More Try on the FTP
Brian Harvey
SU-AI
Re: File Transfer Protocol May 28, 1975
Ref: RFC 354, 385, 414, 448, 454, 630, 542, 640 1
One More Try on the FTP 2
This is a slight revision of RFC 686, mainly differing in the
discussion of print files. Reading several RFCs that I (sigh)
never heard of before writing 686 has convinced me that although
I was right all along it was for the wrong reasons. The list of
reply codes is also slightly different to reflect the four lists
in RFCs 354, 454, 542, and 640 more completely. Let me also
suggest that if there are no objections before June 1, everyone
take it as official that HELP should return 200, that SRVR should
be used as discussed below, and that "permanent" 4xx errors be
changed to 5xx. And thanks to Jon Postel who just spent all
evening helping me straighten this all out. 2a
Aside from a cry of anguish by the site responsible for the
security hassle described below, I've only had one comment on
this, which was unfavorable but, alas, unspecific. Let me just
say, in the hopes of avoiding more such, that I am not just
trying to step on toes for the fun of it, and that I don't think
the positive changes to FTP-1 proposed here are necessarily the
best possible thing. What they are, I think, is easily doable.
The great-FTP-in-the-sky isn't showing any signs of universal
acceptability, and it shouldn't stand in the way of solving
immediate problems. 2b
Leaving Well Enough Alone 3
I recently decided it was time for an overhaul of our FTP user and
server programs. This was my first venture into the world of
network protocols, and I soon discovered that there was a lot we
were doing wrong--and a few things that everyone seemed to be doing
differently from each other. When I enquired about this, the
response from some quarters was "Oh, you're running Version 1!" 4
Since, as far as I can tell, all but one network host are running
version 1, and basically transferring files OK, it seems to me that
the existence on paper of an unused protocol should not stand in the
way of maintaining the current one unless there is a good reason to
1
NWG/RFC# 691 BH 6-JUN-75 23:15 32700 One More Try on the FTP believe that the new one is either imminent or strongly superior or both. (I understand, by the way, that FTP-2 represents a lot of thought and effort by several people who are greater network experts than I, and that it isn't nice of me to propose junking all that work, and I hereby apologize for it.) Let me list what strike me as the main differences in FTP-2 and examine their potential impact on the world. 5 1. FTP-2 uses TELNET-2. The main advantage of the new Telnet protocol is that it allows flexible negotiation about things like echoing. But the communicators in the case of FTP are computer programs, not people, and don't want any echoing anyway. The argument that new hosts might not know about old Telnet seems an unlikely one for quite some time to come; if TELNET-2 ever does really take over the world, FTP-1 could be implemented in it. 5a 2. FTP-2 straightens out the "print file" mess. First of all, there are two separate questions here: what command one ought to give to establish a print file transfer, and which end does what sort of conversion. For the second question, although all of the FTP-1 documents are confusing on the subject, I think it is perfectly obvious what to do: if the user specifies, and the server accepts, an ASCII or EBCDIC print file transfer parameter sequence, then the data sent over the network should contain Fortran control characters. That is, the source file should contain Fortran controls, and should be sent over the net as is, and reformatted if necessary not by the SERVER as the protocol says but by the RECIPIENT (server for STOR, user for RETR). (The "Telnet print file" non-issue will be debunked below.) As a non-Fortran-user I may be missing something here but I don't think so; it is just like the well-understood TYPE E in which the data is sent in EBCDIC and the recipient can format it for local use as desired. One never reformats a file from ASCII to EBCDIC at the sending end. Perhaps the confusion happened because the protocol authors had in mind using these types to send files directly to a line printer at the server end, and indeed maybe that's all it's good for and nobody's user program will implement TYPE P RETR. 5b As for the specific commands used to negotiate such a transfer, there may currently be some confusion because the most recent FTP-1 document on the subject (RFC 454) invents a new command, FORM, which is not in general use as far as I know. (Most of my 2
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One More Try on the FTP
experiments have been on PDP-10s; perhaps other systems have
adopted this command.) FTP-2 puts the format argument in the
TYPE command as a second argument. Either way, using a
two-dimensional scheme to specify the combinations of
ASCII/EBCDIC and ASA/normal conveys no more information than the
present A-P-E-F scheme. FTP-2 also introduces the notion of
Telnet formatted vs. non-print files. These types are used when
a Telnet format oriented system is sending a file to an ASA
oriented one, and the recipient needs to know, not what is coming
over the net, but how to solve a local file storage problem. It
is unnecessary and unfair for hosts to have to negotiate
something which does not acttually affect what gets sent over the
net. It is unnecessary because the sending user process (there
is no problem if the user process is receiving) need not
understand what the issue is, it need only make the server
understand by transmitting a message from the human user to the
server process. Any TYPE parameter must be understood by both
processes even if the user treats it just like some other type. 5c
To take a specific example, if I want to send an ASCII file to a
360, my FTP user program needs to have built into it the
knowledge that there are two TYPEs which are really the same, AN
and AT in the FTP-2 notation. If tomorrow someone needs to know
the ultimate use of a binary file (for instance, the old PDP-6
DECtape format stores dump files differently from ordinary data
files), I will have to add another piece of information to my FTP
user and server (maybe they try to read such a file from me).
Instead, information which affects only the RECIPIENT of a file,
and not the format AS SENT OVER THE NET, should be specified in
some form which the sending process can ignore. This is what the
SRVR command should be used for. 5d
If a user at a 360 wants to retrieve a "Telnet print file" from
another system, he might tell his FTP user process something like 5e
TYPE A
DISP PRINT
RETR FOO etc. 5e1
(or whatever syntax they use in their FTP). If a user at a 10
wants to send such a file to a 360, he would say 5f
TYPE A
3
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SRVR PRINT
STOR FOO etc. 5f1
His FTP user program would send on the SRVR command without
comment. Suppose that the transformation is one which might be
used in either direction between the same two hosts. (This is
not the case for the Telnet print file thing because two 360s
would be using ASA format.) Then the user process could accept
the equivalent of DISP PRINT from the user, and if the transfer
turned out to be a STOR it would decide to send SRVR PRINT first.
In this way the FTP user program can be written so that the human
user types the same command regardless of the direction of
transfer. 5g
Thus, FTP servers which care about the distinction between Telnet
print and non-print could implement SRVR N and SRVR T. Ideally
the SRVR parameters should be registered with Jon Postel to avoid
conflicts, although it is not a disaster if two sites use the
same parameter for different things. I suggest that parameters
be allowed to be more than one letter, and that an initial letter
X be used for really local idiosyncracies. The following should
be considered as registered: 5h
T - Telnet print file 5h1
N - Normal. 5h2
Means to turn off any previous SRVR in effect. (This makes
"non-print" the default case, rather than
making "Telnet print" and "non-print" equal. It is
probably a good idea if a user program can count on
being able to turn off an earlier SRVR without having
to know a specific inverse for it. Servers which do not
implement any other SRVR parameters need not implement
SRVR N either; user processes shouldn't send SRVR N
just for the hell of it.)
3. FTP-2 reshuffles reply codes somewhat. There have been four
attempts altogether, that I know of, at specifying a list of
reply codes: RFCs 354 and 454 for FTP-1, and RFCs 542 and 640 for
FTP-2. There is not much to choose from among the first three of
these, which are basically the same, except for a slight increase
in specificity each time through, e.g., the introduction of reply
4
NWG/RFC# 691 BH 6-JUN-75 23:15 32700 One More Try on the FTP code 456 for a rename which fails because a file of the same (new) name already exists. This increased specificity of reply codes doesn't seem to be much of a virtue; if a rename operation fails, it is the human user, not the FTP user program, who needs to know that it was because of a name conflict rather than some other file system error. I am all for putting such information in the text part of FTP replies. Some real problems are actually addressed in the reply code revision of RFC 640, in which the basic scheme for assigning reply code numbers is more rational than either the FTP-1 scheme or the original FTP-2 scheme. However, I think that most of the benefits of RFC 640 can be obtained in a way which does not require cataclysmic reprogramming. More on this below. 5i 4. FTP-2 was established by a duly constituted ARPAnet committee and we are duty-bound to implement it. I don't suppose anyone would actually put it that baldly, but I've heard things which amounted to that. It's silly. 5j 5. FTP-2 specifies default sockets for the data connection. Most places use the default sockets already anyway, and it is easy enough to ignore the 255 message if you want to. This is a security issue, of course, and I'm afraid that I can't work up much excitement about helping the CIA keep track of what anti-war demonstrations I attended in 1968 and which Vietnamese hamlets to bomb for the greatest strategic effect even if they do pay my salary indirectly. I could rave about this subject for pages, and probably will if I ever get around to writing an argument against MAIL-2, but for now let me just get one anecdote off my chest: I have access to an account at an ARPAnet host because I am responsible at my own site for local maintenance of a program which was written by, and is maintained by, someone at the other site. However, the other site doesn't really trust us outsiders (the account is shared by people in my position at several other hosts) to protect their vital system security, so every week they run a computer program to generate a new random password for the account (last week's was HRHPUK) and notify us all by network mail. Well, on my system and at least one of the others, that mail isn't read protected. I delete my mail when I read it, but since it is hard enough remembering HRHPUK without them changing it every week, I naturally write it in a file on our system. That file could in principle be read protected but it isn't, since sometimes I'm in someone else's office when I want to use 5
NWG/RFC# 691 BH 6-JUN-75 23:15 32700
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it, and the other passwords in it are for open guest accounts
which are widely known. Moral #1: Security freaks are pretty
weird. Moral #2: If you have a secret don't keep it on the
ARPAnet. (In the past week I have heard about two newly
discovered holes in TENEX security.) 5k
6. FTP-2 is available online and FTP-1 isn't, so new hosts can't
find out how to do it. Aargh!!! What a reason for doing
anything! Surely it would be less costly for someone to type it
in again than for everyone to reprogram. Meanwhile these new
hosts can ask Jon or Geoff or Bobby or even me for help in
getting FTP up. 5l
7. FTP-2 has some changes to the strange MODEs and STRUs. This
is another thing I can't get too excited about. We support only
MODE S and STRU F and that will probably still be true even if we
are forced into FTP-2. If the relatively few people who do very
large file transfers need to improve the restart capability, they
can do so within FTP-1 without impacting the rest of us. The
recent implementation of paged file transfers by TENEX shows that
problems of individual systems can be solved within the FTP-1
framework. If the IBM people have some problem about record
structure in FTP-1, for example, let them solve it in FTP-1, and
whatever the solution is, nobody who isn't affected has to
reprogram. 5m
Well, to sum up, I am pretty happy with the success I've had
transferring files around the network the way things are. When I do
run into trouble it's generally because some particular host hasn't
implemented some particular feature of FTP-1, and there's no reason
to suppose they'll do it any faster if they also have to convert to
FTP-2 at the same time. The main thing about FTP-2, as I said at
the beginning, is that its existence is an excuse for not solving
problems in FTP-1. Some such problems are quite trivial except for
the fact that people are reluctant to go against anything in the
protocol document, as if the latter were the Holy Writ. A few
actually require some coordinated effort. Here is my problem list: 6
1. It is almost true that an FTP user program can understand
reply codes by the following simple algorithm: 6a
a. Replies starting with 0 or 1 should be typed out and
otherwise ignored. 6a1
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NWG/RFC# 691 BH 6-JUN-75 23:15 32700
One More Try on the FTP
b. Replies starting with 2 indicate success (of this step or
of the whole operation, depending on the command). 6a2
c. Replies starting with 4 or 5 indicate failure of the
command. 6a3
d. Replies starting with 3 are only recognized in three cases:
the initial 300 message, the 330 password request, and the
350 MAIL response. (Note that the user program need not
distinguish which 300 message it got, merely whether or not it
is expecting one right now.) 6a4
The only real problem with this, aside from bugs in a few servers
whose maintainers tell me they're working on it, is the HELP
command, which is not in the original protocol and which returns
0xx, 1xx, or 2xx depending on the server. (Sometimes more than
one message is returned.) The word from one network protocol
expert at BBN is that (a) 050 or 030 is the correct response to
HELP, and (b) there is a perfectly good mechanism in the protocol
for multi-line responses. Unfortunately this does not do much
good in dealing with reality. There seems to be a uniform
procedure for handling the STAT command: 6b
151 information
151 information
151 ...
151 information
200 END OF STATUS 6b1
which fits right in with the above algorithm. This is despite
the fact that 1xx is supposed to constitute a positive response
to a command like STAT, so that according to RFC 354 it ought to
be 6c
151-information
information
...
151 information 6c1
instead. RFC 414, which approves of the 200 reply for STAT, also
gives 200 for HELP. (It seems to me, by the way, that 050 and
030 aren't good enough as responses to HELP since they
"constitute neither a positive nor a negative acknowledgement" of
7
NWG/RFC# 691 BH 6-JUN-75 23:15 32700 One More Try on the FTP the HELP command and thus don't tell the user program when it ought to ask the human user what to do next.) I suggest that, despite RFC 354, a 200 response be given by all servers at the end of whatever other HELP it gives as of, let's say, June 1. The alternatives are either to let the current rather chaotic situation continue forever while waiting for FTP-2, or to try to standardize everyone on a multi-line 1xx for both HELP and STAT. I'm against changing STAT, which works perfectly for everyone as far as I can tell, and it should be clear that I'm against waiting for FTP-2. Unfortunately there is no real mechanism for "officially" adopting my plan, but I bet if TENEX does it on June 1 the rest of the world will come along. 6d 2. Another reply code problem is the use of 9xx for "experimental" replies not in the protocol. This includes the BBN mail-forwarding message and one other that I know of. This procedure is sanctioned by RFC 385, but it seems like a bad idea to me. For one thing, the user program has no way of knowing whether the reply is positive, negative, or irrelevant. The examples I've been burned by all should have been 0xx messages. I propose that all such messages be given codes in the 000-599 range, chosen to fit the scheme given above for interpreting reply codes. x9x or xx9 could be used to indicate experiments. 6e 3. One more on reply codes: RFC 630 (the one about the TENEX mod to the reply codes for MAIL and MLFL) raises the issue of "temporary" versus "permanent" failures within the 4xx category. RFC 640 deals with this question in the FTP-2 context by changing the meaning of 4xx and 5xx so that the former are for temporary errors and the latter are for permanent errors. I like this idea, and I think it could easily be adapted for FTP-1 use in a way which would allow people to ignore the change and still win. At present, I believe that the only program which attempts to distinguish between temporary and permanent errors is the TENEX mailer. For other programs, no distinction is currently made between 4xx and 5xx responses; both indicate failure, and any retrials are done by the human user based on the text part of the message. A specific set of changes to the reply codes is proposed below. 6f Perhaps I should make a few more points about RFC 640, since it's the best thing about FTP-2 and the only argument for it I find at 8
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all convincing. Let me try to pick out the virtues of 640 and
indicate how they might be achieved in FTP-1. 6g
a. The 3xx category is used uniformly for "positive
intermediate replies" where further negotiation in the Telnet
connection is required, as for RNFR. I'm afraid this one
can't be changed without affecting existing user programs.
(One of my goals here is to enable existing user programs to
work while some servers continue as now and others adopt the
suggestions I make below.) However, although this 3xx idea is
logically pleasing, it is not really necessary for a
simple-minded user program to be able to interpret replies.
The only really new 3xx in RFC 640 is the 350 code for RNFR.
But this would only be a real
improvement for the user program if there were also a 2xx code
which might be returned after RNFR, which is not the case.
640 also abolishes the 300 initial connection message with
220, but again there is clearly no conflict here. 6g1
b. The use of 1xx is expanded to include what is now the 250
code for the beginning of a file transfer. The idea is that a
1xx message doesn't affect the state of the user process, but
this is not really true. Consider the file transfer commands.
The state diagram on page 13 of RFC 640 is slightly
misleading. It appears as if 1xx replies are simply ignored by
the user program. In reality, that little loop hides a lot of
work: the file transfer itself! If the server replied to the
file transfer command immediately with a 2xx message, it would
be a bug in the server, not a successful transfer. The real
state diagram is more like 6g2
B --> cmd --> W --> 1 --> W --> 2 --> S
(with branches out from the "W"s for bad replies). It should
be clear from this diagram that the user program, if it trusts
the server to know what it's doing, can expect a 2xx instead
of the 1xx without getting confused, since it knows which of
the W states it's in. In fact, the use of 1xx in file
transfer is very different from its other uses, which are
indeed more like the 0xx and 1xx replies in FTP-1. I'd call
this particular point a bug in RFC 640. 6g3
c. Automatic programs which use FTP (like mailers) can decide
9
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whether to queue or abandon an unsuccessful transfer based on
the distinction between 4xx and 5xx codes. I like this
idea, although those temporary errors virtually never happen
in real life. This could be accomplished in FTP-1 by moving
many of the 4xx replies to 5xx. Mailers would be modified to
use the first digit to decide whether or not to retry. This
scheme does not cause any catastrophes if some server is slow
in converting; it merely leads to unnecessary retries. A few
CPU cycles would be wasted in the month following the official
switch. Thus, this feature is very different from (a) and
(b), which could lead to catastrophic failures if not
implemented all at once. (Yes, I know that FTP-2 is supposed
to be done on a different ICP socket. I am not discussing
FTP-2 but whether its virtues can be transferred to FTP-1.)
The specific codes involved are listed below. 6g4
d. The use of the second digit to indicate the type of
message. (The proposed division is not totally clean;
for example, why is 150 ("file status okay; about to open
data connection") considered to be more about the file
system than about the data connection?) This can easily
be done, since the second digit is not currently important
to any user process--the TENEX mailer is, in this plan,
already due for modification because of (c). Since this
is mostly an aesthetic point, I'm hesitant to do it if it
would be difficult for anyone. In particular, I would want to
leave the 25x messages alone, in case some user programs
distinguish these. This is especially likely for the ones
which are entirely meant for the program: 251 and 255.
Therefore I propose that if this idea is adopted in FTP-1
the meanings of x2x and x5x be interchanged. This proposal is
reflected in the specific list below. 6g5
Let me summarize the specific changes to FTP-1 I'd like to see made,
most of which are merely documentation changes to reflect reality: 7
1. HELP should return 200. All commands should return 2xx if
successful, and I believe all do except HELP. 7a
2. The definition of 1xx messages should be changed to read:
"Informative replies to status inquiries. These constitute
neither a positive nor a negative acknowledgment." 7b
10
NWG/RFC# 691 BH 6-JUN-75 23:15 32700 One More Try on the FTP 3. Experimental reply codes should be of the form x9x or xx9, where the first digit is chosen to reflect the significance of the reply to automated user programs. Reply codes greater than 599 are not permitted. The xx9 form should be used if the reply falls into one of the existing categories for the second digit. User programs are encouraged to determine the significance of the reply from the first digit, rather than requiring a specific reply code, when possible. 7c 4. The STAT command with no argument is considered a request for a directory listing for the current working directory, except that it may be given along with TELNET SYNCH while a transfer is in progress, in which case it is a request for the status of that transfer. (Everyone seems to do the first part of this. I'm not sure if anyone actually implements the second. This is just getting the protocol to agree with reality.) The reply to a STAT command should be zero or more 1xx messages followed by a 200. 7d 5. TYPEs P and F mean that the source file contains ASA control characters and that the recipient program should reformat it if necessary. Servers which care about Telnet-print vs. non-print should implement SRVR T and SRVR N. All user processes should provide a way for the human user to specify an arbitrary SRVR command. 7e 6. (This is just a resolution of a loose end in documentation.) Nested reply codes are not allowed. I don't think this really needs more discussion; they never happen and can't possibly work, and FTP user programs shouldn't have to worry about them. 7f Here is a list of the current FTP-1 replies, and how they should be renumbered for the new scheme. The changes from 4xx to 5xx should be REQUIRED as of June 1; changes in the second or third digit are not so important. (As explained above, it will not be catastrophic even if some hosts do not meet the requirement.) The list also contains one new possible reply adapted from RFC 640. Replies invented in RFC 454 are so noted; since some of them are for commands largely not implemented like REIN, they may be irrelevant. 7g OLD NEW TEXT 7g1 0x0 0x0 (These messages are not very well defined nor very 11
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important. Servers should use their judgment.)
100 110 System status reply. (Since nobody does STAT as
in
the protocol, this may be a moot point.)
110 111 System busy doing... (This RFC 454 message could
easily be considered an example of the one above,
but since the 454 authors want to distinguish it,
here it is in another number.)
150 150 "File status reply." (If this were really that,
it
would be switched to 120, but I believe what is
meant
is the response to a bare STAT in mid-transfer,
which
is more a connection status reply than a file
status
reply.)
151 121 Directory listing reply.
200 200 Last command ok.
201 251 ABOR ok. 7g2
202 252 ABOR ignored, no transfer in progress.
new 206 Command ignored, superfluous here.
230 230 Login complete.
231 231 Logout complete. (RFC 454: Closing connection.)
232 232 Logout command will be processed when transfer is
complete. 7g3
233 233 Logout complete, parameters reinitialized. (RFC
454 for REIN) 7g4
250 250 Transfer started correctly.
251 251 MARK yyyy = mmmm
252 252 Transfer completed ok.
253 223 Rename ok.
254 224 Delete ok.
255 255 SOCK nnnn
256 256 Mail completed ok.
300 300 Connection greeting
301 301 Command incomplete (no crlf)
330 330 Enter password 7g5
331 331 Enter account (RFC 454)
350 350 Enter mail. 7g6
400 huh? "This service not implemented." I don't
understand
this; how does it differ from 506? If it means no
12
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FTP
at all, who gave the message? Flush. 7g7
401 451 Service not accepting users now, goodbye.
430 430 Foo, you are a password hacker!
431 531 Invalid user or password.
432 532 User invalid for this service.
433 533 Need account to write files.
434 454 Logout by operator.
435 455 Logout by system.
436 456 Service shutting down.
450 520 File not found.
451 521 Access denied.
452 452 Transfer incomplete, connection closed. 7g8
453 423 Transfer incomplete, insufficient storage space.
454 454 Can't connect to your socket.
455 425 Random file system error (RFC 454) 7g9
456 526 Name duplication, rename failed (RFC 454)
457 557 Bad transfer parameters (TYPE, BYTE, etc) (RFC
454)
500 500 Command gibberish.
501 501 Argument gibberish.
502 502 Argument missing.
503 503 Arguments conflict.
504 504 You can't get there from here.
505 505 Command conflicts with previous command.
506 506 Action not implemented.
507 507 Some other problem. (RFC 454)
550 520 Bad syntax in pathname. (RFC454) 7g10
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