Network Working Group M. Allman
Request for Comments: 2577 NASA Glenn/Sterling Software
Category: Informational S. Ostermann
Ohio University
May 1999
FTP Security Considerations
Status of this Memo
This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does
not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this
memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1999). All Rights Reserved.
Abstract
The specification for the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) contains a
number of mechanisms that can be used to compromise network security.
The FTP specification allows a client to instruct a server to
transfer files to a third machine. This third-party mechanism, known
as proxy FTP, causes a well known security problem. The FTP
specification also allows an unlimited number of attempts at entering
a user's password. This allows brute force "password guessing"
attacks. This document provides suggestions for system
administrators and those implementing FTP servers that will decrease
the security problems associated with FTP.
1 Introduction
The File Transfer Protocol specification (FTP) [PR85] provides a
mechanism that allows a client to establish an FTP control connection
and transfer a file between two FTP servers. This "proxy FTP"
mechanism can be used to decrease the amount of traffic on the
network; the client instructs one server to transfer a file to
another server, rather than transferring the file from the first
server to the client and then from the client to the second server.
This is particularly useful when the client connects to the network
using a slow link (e.g., a modem). While useful, proxy FTP provides
a security problem known as a "bounce attack" [CERT97:27]. In
addition to the bounce attack, FTP servers can be used by attackers
to guess passwords using brute force.
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RFC 2577 FTP Security Considerations May 1999 This document does not contain a discussion of FTP when used in conjunction with strong security protocols, such as IP Security. These security concerns should be documented, however they are out of the scope of this document. This paper provides information for FTP server implementers and system administrators, as follows. Section 2 describes the FTP "bounce attack". Section 3 provides suggestions for minimizing the bounce attack. Section 4 provides suggestions for servers which limit access based on network address. Section 5 provides recommendations for limiting brute force "password guessing" by clients. Next, section 6 provides a brief discussion of mechanisms to improve privacy. Section 7 provides a mechanism to prevent user identity guessing. Section 8 discusses the practice of port stealing. Finally, section 9 provides an overview of other FTP security issues related to software bugs rather than protocol issues. 2 The Bounce Attack The version of FTP specified in the standard [PR85] provides a method for attacking well known network servers, while making the perpetrators difficult to track down. The attack involves sending an FTP "PORT" command to an FTP server containing the network address and the port number of the machine and service being attacked. At this point, the original client can instruct the FTP server to send a file to the service being attacked. Such a file would contain commands relevant to the service being attacked (SMTP, NNTP, etc.). Instructing a third party to connect to the service, rather than connecting directly, makes tracking down the perpetrator difficult and can circumvent network-address-based access restrictions. As an example, a client uploads a file containing SMTP commands to an FTP server. Then, using an appropriate PORT command, the client instructs the server to open a connection to a third machine's SMTP port. Finally, the client instructs the server to transfer the uploaded file containing SMTP commands to the third machine. This may allow the client to forge mail on the third machine without making a direct connection. This makes it difficult to track attackers. 3 Protecting Against the Bounce Attack The original FTP specification [PR85] assumes that data connections will be made using the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) [Pos81]. TCP port numbers in the range 0 - 1023 are reserved for well known services such as mail, network news and FTP control connections [RP94]. The FTP specification makes no restrictions on the TCP port number used for the data connection. Therefore, using proxy FTP, Allman & Ostermann Informational [Page 2]
RFC 2577 FTP Security Considerations May 1999 clients have the ability to tell the server to attack a well known service on any machine. To avoid such bounce attacks, it is suggested that servers not open data connections to TCP ports less than 1024. If a server receives a PORT command containing a TCP port number less than 1024, the suggested response is 504 (defined as "Command not implemented for that parameter" by [PR85]). Note that this still leaves non-well known servers (those running on ports greater than 1023) vulnerable to bounce attacks. Several proposals (e.g., [AOM98] and [Pis94]) provide a mechanism that would allow data connections to be made using a transport protocol other than TCP. Similar precautions should be taken to protect well known services when using these protocols. Also note that the bounce attack generally requires that a perpetrator be able to upload a file to an FTP server and later download it to the service being attacked. Using proper file protections will prevent this behavior. However, attackers can also attack services by sending random data from a remote FTP server which may cause problems for some services. Disabling the PORT command is also an option for protecting against the bounce attack. Most file transfers can be made using only the PASV command [Bel94]. The disadvantage of disabling the PORT command is that one loses the ability to use proxy FTP, but proxy FTP may not be necessary in a particular environment. 4 Restricted Access For some FTP servers, it is desirable to restrict access based on network address. For example, a server might want to restrict access to certain files from certain places (e.g., a certain file should not be transferred out of an organization). In such a situation, the server should confirm that the network address of the remote hosts on both the control connection and the data connection are within the organization before sending a restricted file. By checking both connections, a server is protected against the case when the control connection is established with a trusted host and the data connection is not. Likewise, the client should verify the IP address of the remote host after accepting a connection on a port opened in listen mode to verify that the connection was made by the expected server. Note that restricting access based on network address leaves the FTP server vulnerable to "spoof" attacks. In a spoof attack, for example, an attacking machine could assume the host address of another machine inside an organization and download files that are Allman & Ostermann Informational [Page 3]
RFC 2577 FTP Security Considerations May 1999 not accessible from outside the organization. Whenever possible, secure authentication mechanisms should be used, such as those outlined in [HL97]. 5 Protecting Passwords To minimize the risk of brute force password guessing through the FTP server, it is suggested that servers limit the number of attempts that can be made at sending a correct password. After a small number of attempts (3-5), the server should close the control connection with the client. Before closing the control connection the server must send a return code of 421 ("Service not available, closing control connection." [PR85]) to the client. In addition, it is suggested that the server impose a 5 second delay before replying to an invalid "PASS" command to diminish the efficiency of a brute force attack. If available, mechanisms already provided by the target operating system should be used to implement the above suggestions. An intruder can subvert the above mechanisms by establishing multiple, parallel control connections to a server. To combat the use of multiple concurrent connections, the server could either limit the total number of control connections possible or attempt to detect suspicious activity across sessions and refuse further connections from the site. However, both of these mechanisms open the door to "denial of service" attacks, in which an attacker purposely initiates the attack to disable access by a valid user. Standard FTP [PR85] sends passwords in clear text using the "PASS" command. It is suggested that FTP clients and servers use alternate authentication mechanisms that are not subject to eavesdropping (such as the mechanisms being developed by the IETF Common Authentication Technology Working Group [HL97]). 6 Privacy All data and control information (including passwords) is sent across the network in unencrypted form by standard FTP [PR85]. To guarantee the privacy of the information FTP transmits, a strong encryption scheme should be used whenever possible. One such mechanism is defined in [HL97]. 7 Protecting Usernames Standard FTP [PR85] specifies a 530 response to the USER command when the username is rejected. If the username is valid and a password is required FTP returns a 331 response instead. In order to prevent a malicious client from determining valid usernames on a server, it is suggested that a server always return 331 to the USER command and Allman & Ostermann Informational [Page 4]
RFC 2577 FTP Security Considerations May 1999 then reject the combination of username and password for an invalid username. 8 Port Stealing Many operating systems assign dynamic port numbers in increasing order. By making a legitimate transfer, an attacker can observe the current port number allocated by the server and "guess" the next one that will be used. The attacker can make a connection to this port, thus denying another legitimate client the ability to make a transfer. Alternatively, the attacker can steal a file meant for a legitimate user. In addition, an attacker can insert a forged file into a data stream thought to come from an authenticated client. This problem can be mitigated by making FTP clients and servers use random local port numbers for data connections, either by requesting random ports from the operating system or using system dependent mechanisms. 9 Software-Base Security Problems The emphasis in this document is on protocol-related security issues. There are a number of documented FTP security-related problems that are due to poor implementation as well. Although the details of these types of problems are beyond the scope of this document, it should be pointed out that the following FTP features has been abused in the past and should be treated with great care by future implementers: Anonymous FTP Anonymous FTP refers to the ability of a client to connect to an FTP server with minimal authentication and gain access to public files. Security problems arise when such a user can read all files on the system or can create files. [CERT92:09] [CERT93:06] Remote Command Execution An optional FTP extension, "SITE EXEC", allows clients to execute arbitrary commands on the server. This feature should obviously be implemented with great care. There are several documented cases of the FTP "SITE EXEC" command being used to subvert server security [CERT94:08] [CERT95:16] Debug Code Several previous security compromises related to FTP can be attributed to software that was installed with debugging features enabled [CERT88:01]. Allman & Ostermann Informational [Page 5]
RFC 2577 FTP Security Considerations May 1999 This document recommends that implementors of FTP servers with these capabilities review all of the CERT advisories for attacks on these or similar mechanisms before releasing their software. 10 Conclusion Using the above suggestions can decrease the security problems associated with FTP servers without eliminating functionality. 11 Security Considerations Security issues are discussed throughout this memo. Acknowledgments We would like to thank Alex Belits, Jim Bound, William Curtin, Robert Elz, Paul Hethmon, Alun Jones and Stephen Tihor for their helpful comments on this paper. Also, we thank the FTPEXT WG members who gave many useful suggestions at the Memphis IETF meeting. References [AOM98] Allman, M., Ostermann, S. and C. Metz, "FTP Extensions for IPv6 and NATs", RFC 2428, September 1998. [Bel94] Bellovin. S., "Firewall-Friendly FTP", RFC 1579, February 1994. [CERT88:01] CERT Advisory CA-88:01. ftpd Vulnerability. December, 1988 ftp://info.cert.org/pub/cert_advisories/ [CERT92:09] CERT Advisory CA-92:09. AIX Anonymous FTP Vulnerability. April 27, 1992. ftp://info.cert.org/pub/cert_advisories/ [CERT93:06] CERT Advisory CA-93:06. Wuarchive ftpd Vulnerability. September 19,1997 ftp://info.cert.org/pub/cert_advisories/ [CERT94:08] CERT Advisory CA-94:08. ftpd Vulnerabilities. September 23, 1997. ftp://info.cert.org/pub/cert_advisories/ [CERT95:16] CERT Advisory CA-95:16. wu-ftpd Misconfiguration Vulnerability. September 23, 1997 ftp://info.cert.org/pub/cert_advisories/ [CERT97:27] CERT Advisory CA-97.27. FTP Bounce. January 8, 1998. ftp://info.cert.org/pub/cert_advisories/ Allman & Ostermann Informational [Page 6]
RFC 2577 FTP Security Considerations May 1999 [HL97] Horowitz, M. and S. Lunt, "FTP Security Extensions", RFC 2228, October 1997. [Pis94] Piscitello, D., "FTP Operation Over Big Address Records (FOOBAR), RFC 1639, June 1994. [Pos81] Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol", STD 7, RFC 793, September 1981. [PR85] Postel, J. and J. Reynolds, "File Transfer Protocol (FTP)", STD 9, RFC 959, October 1985. [RP94] Reynolds, J. and J. Postel, "Assigned Numbers", STD 2, RFC 1700, October 1994. See also: http://www.iana.org/numbers.html Authors' Addresses Mark Allman NASA Glenn Research Center/Sterling Software 21000 Brookpark Rd. MS 54-2 Cleveland, OH 44135 EMail: mallman@grc.nasa.gov Shawn Ostermann School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Ohio University 416 Morton Hall Athens, OH 45701 EMail: ostermann@cs.ohiou.edu Allman & Ostermann Informational [Page 7]
RFC 2577 FTP Security Considerations May 1999
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